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This happens when we upgrade my Apache to 2.4.7 , it turns out that we haven’t got removed the old authentication configuration completely, we just remove the require valid user   #AuthType Basic AuthName “My Login” AuthUserFile /var/www/.htpasswd #Require valid-user   The fix is: we have to remove all authentication configuration lines #AuthType Basic #AuthName “My Login” #AuthUserFile /var/www/.htpasswd #Require valid-user    Read More →

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Web/Mail/Database can use the same certificate to allow its client to connect to the server. Postfix: postconf -e smtpd_tls_cert_file=’/etc/pki/tls/certs/cert.pem’ postconf -e smtpd_tls_key_file=’/etc/pki/tls/private/privkey.pem’ postconf -e smtpd_tls_CAfile=’/etc/pki/tls/certs/fullchain.pem’ Dovecot (POP3/IMAP server) SSL certificate settings are defined in Dovecot main config file, /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf (Linux/OpenBSD) or /usr/local/etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf (FreeBSD): ssl = required ssl_cert = server.chained.crt Then update ssl_certificate parameter in /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf: ssl_certificate /etc/pki/tls/certs/server.chained.crt; Restarting Nginx service is required. MySQL, MariaDB If MySQL/MariaDB is listening on localhost and not accessible from external network, this is OPTIONAL. On Red Hat and CentOS, it’s defined in /etc/my.cnf On Debian and Ubuntu, it’s defined in /etc/mysql/my.cnf. Since Ubuntu 15.04, it’s defined in /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/mysqld.cnf. On FreeBSD, it’s defined in /usr/local/etc/my.cnf. On OpenBSD, it’s defined in /etc/my.cnf. [mysqld] ssl-caRead More →

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There are some situation  when we run a time-consuming process, we need to see the output of that command to see its progress. Normally, we would have to wait until the process ends , then we can see the output. The reason for this is because web or standard output normally buffer some contents, it will wait for enough data to print out to the client. To fix this issue, we tell our server/script not buffering anything, print out immediately when it can. Here are some steps that i did in Python. Step1: Tell the server not buffering anything, don’t use gzip ( if weRead More →

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NOTE: this is only if you can’t use apt to clean up due to a 100% full /boot Get the list of kernel images Get the list of kernel images and determine what you can do without. This command will show installed kernels except the currently running one $ sudo dpkg –list ‘linux-image*’|awk ‘{ if ($1==”ii”) print $2}’|grep -v uname -r You will get the list of images somethign like below: linux-image-3.19.0-25-generic linux-image-3.19.0-56-generic linux-image-3.19.0-58-generic linux-image-3.19.0-59-generic linux-image-3.19.0-61-generic linux-image-3.19.0-65-generic linux-image-extra-3.19.0-25-generic linux-image-extra-3.19.0-56-generic linux-image-extra-3.19.0-58-generic linux-image-extra-3.19.0-59-generic linux-image-extra-3.19.0-61-generic Prepare Delete Craft a command to delete all files in /boot for kernels that don’t matter to you using brace expansion to keepRead More →

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First of all, we need to order a certificate , this certificate is the same with normal web server certificate. The certificate will have 3 files: cert, key, cabundle. We use CentOS for example in below tutorial, please adjust the file to correct one on your server according to above description. Postfix (SMTP server) We can use postconf command to update SSL related settings directly: postconf -e smtpd_tls_cert_file=’/etc/pki/tls/certs/cert.pem’ postconf -e smtpd_tls_key_file=’/etc/pki/tls/private/privkey.pem’ postconf -e smtpd_tls_CAfile=’/etc/pki/tls/certs/fullchain.pem’ Restarting Postfix service is required. Dovecot (POP3/IMAP server) SSL certificate settings are defined in Dovecot main config file, /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf (Linux/OpenBSD) or /usr/local/etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf (FreeBSD): ssl = required ssl_cert =Read More →